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- The Guanches were the
first known inhabitants

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of the Cary Islands, of the
coast of Northwestern Africa,

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but their true origins
have long been a mystery

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to archeologists.

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They were accomplished astronomers

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and for some their mummification
rituals linked them

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to the ancient Egyptians.

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Whilst for others their legends
suggest they could even be

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surviving inhabitants of Atlantis.

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New scientific evidence may
have found the truth about these

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mysterious people.

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Recently, archeological
excavations revealed

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that the inhabitants of the
Canary Island traded with Rome

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and new DNA evidence has shed
some light on the origins

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of the population.

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The Canary Islands are
an autonomous community

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of Spain consisting of an
archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean,

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southwest of the Iberian Peninsula,

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and 76 miles off the coast of Morocco.

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The eight main islands are
Tenerif flight of Ventura,

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grand Canaria, Lanzarote, la Palmer lag

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El Hiro and lag.

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The Canary Islands are volcanic islands

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and are essentially the peaks

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of a huge volcanic mountain
range now partially submerged.

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The first historical record of the islands

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so far discovered is from
the first century Roman

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writer Pliny The Younger.

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An expedition to the islands
was apparently sent by Dubber

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ii, the Roman Klein king of NewMedia

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and Mauritania in around 30 BC

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under the Roman Catholic
Republic and Empire.

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NewMedia consisted of a part
of Africa north of the Sahara,

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corresponding roughly to
the modern Western Tunisia

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and Eastern Algeria.

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It was during this expedition

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that the islands got their
name of the Canary Islands

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because of the multitude
of large dogs found there.

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The Roman word Canis meaning dog.

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After the fall of the Roman
Empire, we hear nothing

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of the islands for hundreds of years until

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around a thousand AD
where the Arabs landed

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and traded with the
inhabitants of Grand Canaria.

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In 1150 AD the Arab
geographer Mohammed Al Idrisi

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compiled the first official
account of the population

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of the islands, which
consisted of short descriptions

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of sailors and accounts.

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At the time, during the
15th and 16th century, Spain

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and Portugal began colonizing the Americas

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and Africa stopping off
at the Canary Islands.

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Along the way, when they
arrived on the Canary Islands,

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they encountered a culture

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that resembled the neolithic
cultures of prehistoric Europe.

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Complete Spanish conquest

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of the islands was completed in 1496

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and they became a vital
Spanish base on sea

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roots to the Americas.

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As a result of Spanish colonization,
the diseases introduced

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by the European conquerors

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and the slave trade by the native Ches

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of the island chain were decimated losing

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much of their culture.

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In the process. By the 19th century,

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the Canary Islanders had even
lost their language as it came

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to be replaced by Spanish.

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There are still, however, some reminders

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of the once thriving culture of the Gans

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of the Canary Islands.

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The Ches, the Ches were
the first known inhabitants

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of the Canary Islands,
the indigenous people.

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When the Spanish arrived
there in the 15th century,

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they lived mainly in natural caves

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or occasionally built low stone huts

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and small fortifications.

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The Ches lived off farming

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and herding had a diet which
included milk, goat, pork,

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and fruits and dressed mainly
in goat skin, leather, tunics,

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and vests made of plated rushes.

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Archeological research suggests

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that they were organized
in a tribal society ruled

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by chieftains or kings.

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The goche were not skilled sailors, and

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therefore the culture of each

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of the Canary Islands
developed differently.

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In Tene, for example,

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the Gus civilization was
divided into nine small kingdoms

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each led by a ruling.

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Mensey caves were also
used for grain storage

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and as temples and some
are still preserved today

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and demonstrate the
sophisticated astronomical

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knowledge of the Goche.

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The most impressive of
these structures is risk.

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Al-Qaeda, a vast cultural site covering

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around 18,000 hectares on
the island of Grand Canaria.

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The archeological site consists

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of 21 caves containing
significant rock art believed

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to relate to magical or religious beliefs

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and fertility rituals.

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One of these caves has a
small opening in its roof

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where light enters from the
summer solstice to autumn,

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allowed sunlight and
moonlight to enter the caves

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and illuminates symbolic
engravings on the walls.

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Because of this, many archeologists think

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that risk Qaeda could have been used

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by the prehistoric
inhabitants as a primitive,

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astronomical clock.

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Over the years, there have been a number

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of fines made in the Canary Islands,

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which suggested some sort of
contact with the Roman world.

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In 1964,

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the Roman amphora storage jar
was discovered in waters off

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Lanzarote, and since that time,

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other examples have been found underwater.

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None, however could be securely dated.

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A few years ago, however,
excavations on the island

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of Lanzarote uncovered the
first securely dated evidence

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of Roman trade with the islands.

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Investigations at the prehistoric
settlement of El Berro

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yielded around a hundred
Roman pot shards, nine pieces

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of metal and one piece of glass.

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The artifacts were found
in archeological levels,

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which indicate that they
dated between the first

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and fourth centuries
ad legends of Atlantis

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and ancient Egypt.

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There are numerous legends
surrounding the native people

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of the Canary Islands.

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Some believe they were
somehow related to the Celts

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or perhaps even the Vikings, others,

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that the cones were descended
from the inhabitants

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of the mythical land of Atlantis.

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In this theory, Cape
Verde, the Azores, Madeira

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and the Canary Islands
would be the remains

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of this legendary sunken continent.

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A more recent theory
connects the first settlers

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of the Canary Islands with
the Burber Canary tribe.

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The Gus have also been linked
to ancient Egyptians, perhaps

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as a colony of that civilization

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because of their habit
of mummifying their dead.

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It is a fact that the
Goche use similar methods

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to the ancient Egyptians
when preserving the remains

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of their high ranking citizens.

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After the mummification process,

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the bodies were buried
underground or inside caves.

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Unfortunately, many of
these mummies were stolen

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or looted by later grave robbers.

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Though some have managed
to survive, the mummy

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of Madrid is perhaps the best
preserved of the GU mummies

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as its careful embalming
kept its organs intact

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and even preserved the man's hair.

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The man who died during his
early thirties was mummified

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between the 11th and 13th
centuries ad just a few centuries

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before the Spanish
invaded the Canary Islands

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new DNA evidence.

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In June, 2019, it was announced

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that DNA studies had resolved many

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of the outstanding questions

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regarding the origins of the gans.

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Dr. Linus Gerland Flink,
a researcher at Liverpool,

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John Moore's University
in the uk who was part

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of the research team
stated previous studies

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of the ES relied on single
genetic markers such

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as the mitochondrial
DNA and Y chromosomes.

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These markers often lack the
analytical precision needed

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to resolve finer levels
of population history.

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By sequencing autosomal DNA,
we gained unique insights

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to the ancestry and origin
of these populations.

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The researcher team generated
the genome wide sequence data

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and mitochondrial genomes
from 11 guang individuals

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originating from archeological
sites in grand area

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and 10 leading author of the study Dr.

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Ricardo Rodriguez Varella,

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a researcher at Stockholm
University, explain the results

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of the team's fascinating study

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by generating the first
autosomal genetic data from these

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populations, we can
conclusively demonstrate

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that the Gus were most closely related

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to modern North Africans
of Berber ancestry than

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to any other population we included

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for comparisons supporting
previous studies,

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but adding more detail and nuance.

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The study was also able to
show that the modern habitants

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of Gran Canaria inherited between 16

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and 31% of their genomic
ancestry from the Ches,

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the burber spread throughout
North Africa more than 3000

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years ago, occupying what
is today the area from Libya

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to the Sahara Rosa free girl,

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a geneticist at La Laguna University

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who took part in the
research said of the results.

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Thanks to DNA analysis we've
been able to dispel the notion

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that the Gus were
practically vikings tall,

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blonde and blue eyed.

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Everything indicates that
they came from North Africa

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and were physically similar
to the Berber white skin

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with a tendency to an olive complexion

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and brown eyes that
could be light colored.

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In some cases, cliches and legends.

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Not withstanding the ancient inhabitants

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of the Canary Islands were
not so different from today's,

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but the question is, if
the original inhabitants

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of the Canary Islands came
from North Africa, how

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and when did they arrive?

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Archeologists believed

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that there were two major
migrations the first

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around 2,500 years ago

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and the second one at
around the first century ad

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when North Africa was
part of the Roman Empire.

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They are believed to
have made the crossing in

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relatively small vessels.

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Although no remains of
these have ever been found.

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In February, 2020, it was announced

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that the mummified remains

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of 72 individuals had been discovered

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by amateur archeologists
using a drone in a cave

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on Grandin area.

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A rose Hema Gonzales who made
the incredible discovery,

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said we were flying a drone

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and we took some pictures of the cave.

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It is in a very difficult place to access

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and you need to climb a
cliff to reach the site.

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People thought the photos were fake

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because of all the bones
there, but they were not fake

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and the bones are believed to belong

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to Goen mummified remains.

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Archeologists Veronica Alberto

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and culture counselor Javier Vela

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confirmed the discovery stating
that the cave dates back to

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between the eighth and 10th centuries ad

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A few years ago,

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newspapers all over the
world carried the story

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that ancient history researcher
Robert Sarma has located the

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lost continent of Atlantis,

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of the Mediterranean island of Cyprus.

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Sonar scanning apparently
revealed manmade structures in the

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water around the island.

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One mile beneath sea level SMAs believed

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that the Mediterranean basin
was flooded in 9,000 bc,

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which submerged rectangular landmass,

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which he maintains was Atlantis.

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Although archeologists at the
time dismissed Sammas claims

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out of hand, new evidence
suggests there may indeed be an

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ancient city submerged in
the waters around Cyprus

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almost every year without fail.

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The headline Atlantis found
Blairs out from various

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newspapers all over the world.

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In fact, the range of
hypothetical locations

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for Atlantis is staggering.

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The ow and civilization

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of late Bronze age Crete
supposedly destroyed

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by a colossal earthquake
on the neighboring island

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of Thera modern day Santorini

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around 1450 BC was long thought

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to have been an indirect
influence on Plato's Atlantis.

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However, research into late
bronze age Crete has shown

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that the Manone civilization
continue to flourish long

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after the theory and quake.

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00:13:04,840 --> 00:13:08,350
This vast array of wildly
different theories has contributed

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to the skepticism of many
researchers who believe

258
00:13:11,710 --> 00:13:15,160
that Plato's Atlantis was
merely a political allegory

259
00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:17,410
designed to glorify Athens

260
00:13:17,410 --> 00:13:20,620
as the perfect state
fighting against a decadent

261
00:13:20,620 --> 00:13:23,560
and greedy atlantian empire.

262
00:13:23,560 --> 00:13:26,680
For them, the story begins
and ends with Plato.

263
00:13:26,680 --> 00:13:28,750
Solon never visited Egypt

264
00:13:28,750 --> 00:13:31,660
and heard the story from
the priests at SaaS.

265
00:13:31,660 --> 00:13:35,890
They reason that Plato located
Atlantis out in the Atlantic

266
00:13:35,890 --> 00:13:37,810
beyond the pillars of Hercules

267
00:13:37,810 --> 00:13:41,980
because in his time this vast
not represented the limit

268
00:13:41,980 --> 00:13:43,960
of the world known to the Greeks.

269
00:13:44,830 --> 00:13:48,070
Atlantis researchers of course
would completely disagree

270
00:13:48,070 --> 00:13:49,690
with this conclusion.

271
00:13:49,690 --> 00:13:54,070
Indeed one of them Iranian
American architect Robert Smat,

272
00:13:54,070 --> 00:13:57,130
believes he knows exactly
where Atlantis is.

273
00:13:58,270 --> 00:14:01,540
Did Robert Smat find Atlantis off Cyprus?

274
00:14:02,440 --> 00:14:06,490
Smat first hit the headlines
in November, 2004 when

275
00:14:06,490 --> 00:14:08,410
newspapers carried the story that

276
00:14:08,410 --> 00:14:09,645
after nearly 10 years

277
00:14:09,645 --> 00:14:13,030
of research using ocean mapping technology

278
00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:15,250
and accounts from ancient texts,

279
00:14:15,250 --> 00:14:18,400
he'd located Atlantis of Cyprus.

280
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,220
Salmat was quoted as saying, this is going

281
00:14:21,220 --> 00:14:23,170
to rewrite the history books.

282
00:14:23,170 --> 00:14:25,815
We are set to make the
biggest archeological

283
00:14:25,815 --> 00:14:27,760
discovery of all time.

284
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:32,770
He claimed that around 9,000
BC the Mediterranean basin was

285
00:14:32,770 --> 00:14:35,440
flooded in a deluge, the submerged,

286
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:40,270
rectangular manmade site,
which he believed was Atlantis.

287
00:14:40,270 --> 00:14:43,690
The lost civilization
apparently lay around 5,000 feet

288
00:14:43,690 --> 00:14:45,700
below sea level, 50 miles

289
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:49,000
or so off the southeastern
coast of Cyprus.

290
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:52,700
Sarma and his team had
carried out deep water sonar

291
00:14:52,700 --> 00:14:56,780
scanning, which indicated
manmade structures on a submerged

292
00:14:56,780 --> 00:15:00,590
hill, including a wall
almost three miles long,

293
00:15:00,590 --> 00:15:03,980
a walled hill summit and deep trenches.

294
00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:08,870
Sarma six day expedition
cost about $200,000

295
00:15:08,870 --> 00:15:12,800
and was partly funded by the
Cprt Tourist organization.

296
00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:17,090
Samat was quoted at the time
as saying of his discoveries,

297
00:15:17,090 --> 00:15:18,260
it is a miracle.

298
00:15:18,260 --> 00:15:20,840
We found these walls as their location

299
00:15:20,840 --> 00:15:24,500
and lengths match exactly the
description of the Acropolis

300
00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:28,580
of Atlantis provided by
Plato in his writings.

301
00:15:28,580 --> 00:15:31,640
We cannot yet provide tangible
proof in the form of bricks

302
00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:35,060
and mortar as the artifacts
are still buried under several

303
00:15:35,060 --> 00:15:38,030
meters of sediment, but the circumstantial

304
00:15:38,030 --> 00:15:40,820
and other evidence is irrefutable.

305
00:15:40,820 --> 00:15:45,350
My discovery will vindicate
Plato within his dialogues.

306
00:15:45,350 --> 00:15:49,730
Plato provides factual clues
as to what Atlantis was like.

307
00:15:49,730 --> 00:15:50,840
I have matched all

308
00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:55,155
but two of the 45 clues
with the area around Cyprus

309
00:15:55,155 --> 00:15:57,740
that either the biggest
coincidence in the history

310
00:15:57,740 --> 00:16:01,880
of the world or we have
found Plato's Atlantis

311
00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:04,825
Plato's account is so
detailed that it is possible

312
00:16:04,825 --> 00:16:08,300
to make city plans based
on his description.

313
00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:11,900
These match exactly the
anti-dilution maps of Cyprus

314
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:14,750
as discovered through
oceanographic mapping.

315
00:16:15,920 --> 00:16:19,010
SMAs had in fact revealed
his discoveries the year

316
00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:22,640
before he hit the newspaper
headlines in a book entitled

317
00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:25,670
Discovery of Atlantis, the Startling Case

318
00:16:25,670 --> 00:16:27,140
for the Island of Cyprus.

319
00:16:28,130 --> 00:16:31,730
At a 2004 press conference
to announce his discoveries,

320
00:16:31,730 --> 00:16:36,295
Sarma was challenged by Michelle
Morso, a French geologist

321
00:16:36,295 --> 00:16:38,720
who lives on Cyprus to provide evidence

322
00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:41,000
that the Mediterranean
had been flooded far,

323
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:44,150
far more recently than the
conventionally accepted

324
00:16:44,150 --> 00:16:45,980
5 million years.

325
00:16:45,980 --> 00:16:48,710
Unfortunately, Salma was not able

326
00:16:48,710 --> 00:16:52,550
to provide any evidence
whatever to back up his claims.

327
00:16:52,550 --> 00:16:53,900
Depo Ides

328
00:16:53,900 --> 00:16:55,555
and archeologists at the Department

329
00:16:55,555 --> 00:16:59,120
of Antiquities in Cyprus
said of salamis claims,

330
00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:00,860
the latest theory should be taken

331
00:17:00,860 --> 00:17:03,560
with a very large pinch of salt.

332
00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:06,710
Archeologists only work
with hard evidence.

333
00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:09,055
There is no evidence
whatsoever to give credence

334
00:17:09,055 --> 00:17:10,670
to this hypothesis

335
00:17:10,670 --> 00:17:13,160
and we have no intention
of investigating it.

336
00:17:14,150 --> 00:17:18,020
Commenting on SMAs interpretation
of the sonar results,

337
00:17:18,020 --> 00:17:21,530
many Pisa are social
anthropologist at Liverpool.

338
00:17:21,530 --> 00:17:25,490
John Moore's University in the
UK criticized his far-fetched

339
00:17:25,490 --> 00:17:28,520
theories and unscientific approach.

340
00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,820
Selective interpretation is
nothing more than the blinkered

341
00:17:31,820 --> 00:17:35,480
reading of very ambiguous
and unconvincing images.

342
00:17:35,480 --> 00:17:39,860
He said anyone with a critical
eye can pick out these images

343
00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:41,450
that they're far too vague

344
00:17:41,450 --> 00:17:44,030
and uncertain to be regarded
as compelling evidence

345
00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:46,550
for any manmade structures.

346
00:17:46,550 --> 00:17:49,500
The very foundation on
which the hoax is based is

347
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:51,150
completely bogus.

348
00:17:51,150 --> 00:17:52,920
According to his theory, Mr.

349
00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:54,060
Sarma claims

350
00:17:54,060 --> 00:17:57,360
that the Mediterranean basin
was flooded in a deluge

351
00:17:57,360 --> 00:17:59,460
around 9,000 bc,

352
00:17:59,460 --> 00:18:02,160
which submerged rectangular landmass he

353
00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:04,020
believes was Atlantis.

354
00:18:04,020 --> 00:18:06,690
The problem is there is
no evidence whatsoever

355
00:18:06,690 --> 00:18:10,320
for any large scale flooding
of the Mediterranean basin at

356
00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:13,440
that time not to be deterred.

357
00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:18,240
Samas organized a second
expedition to the site in 2006,

358
00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:21,120
but results of the work were inconclusive.

359
00:18:21,120 --> 00:18:23,940
He returned to Cyprus in June, 2011

360
00:18:23,940 --> 00:18:28,110
to film a documentary in
support of his Atlantis theory.

361
00:18:28,110 --> 00:18:31,710
He again had the backing of
the Cyprus tourism organization

362
00:18:31,710 --> 00:18:34,320
as well as the history channel
together with the number

363
00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:36,030
of private investors.

364
00:18:36,030 --> 00:18:39,510
However, Samas appears to have
made no further discoveries

365
00:18:39,510 --> 00:18:41,850
that the supposed site of Atlantis

366
00:18:41,850 --> 00:18:44,910
and nothing has been heard
from him on the subject subject

367
00:18:44,910 --> 00:18:46,860
since 2013.

368
00:18:46,860 --> 00:18:49,470
New discoveries off Cyprus.

369
00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:50,670
However, the theory

370
00:18:50,670 --> 00:18:54,000
that ancient Atlantis may
lie submerged in the waters

371
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,030
of Cyprus does not seem to be dead yet.

372
00:18:57,030 --> 00:19:01,740
In April, 2018, CPR newspaper
the Cyprus traveler announced

373
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:05,310
that a chance discovery by
group of tourists had led a team

374
00:19:05,310 --> 00:19:07,560
of marine archeologists to the location

375
00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:10,500
of Atlantis off the coast of pathos,

376
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:13,440
a coastal city in southwest Cyprus.

377
00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:18,240
The team led by archeologist
Mallios Asio used luge

378
00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:21,840
cutting edge soner technology
to scan the ocean bed.

379
00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:24,630
After further surveillance
deep ground radar

380
00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:27,960
and digital mapping, a team
was sent to the ocean floor

381
00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:30,780
where they discovered an
ancient statue of Aphrodite.

382
00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:35,490
After extensive analysis,
professor Costas Antos

383
00:19:35,490 --> 00:19:37,800
from Cyprus University's department

384
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:40,470
of Antiquities authenticated the relic

385
00:19:40,470 --> 00:19:43,710
and confirmed that the
extraordinary find was the first

386
00:19:43,710 --> 00:19:47,040
artifact that categorically
proved that the great

387
00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:50,370
and wonderful empire of Atlantis
was located off the coast

388
00:19:50,370 --> 00:19:52,955
of PAOs, a large scale operation

389
00:19:52,955 --> 00:19:54,635
to recover further artifacts

390
00:19:54,635 --> 00:19:57,330
and building remains was soon underway

391
00:19:57,330 --> 00:19:59,580
with a Cyprus tourism organization.

392
00:19:59,580 --> 00:20:02,520
Also planning to put out
a tender for the building

393
00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:04,860
of a pathos based Atlantis museum.

394
00:20:05,790 --> 00:20:09,930
Marius Asio commented on
these spectacular discoveries.

395
00:20:09,930 --> 00:20:13,290
Over the centuries, there's
been heated debate over whether

396
00:20:13,290 --> 00:20:14,880
Atlantis was a mythical

397
00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:18,510
or historical location with
hundreds of archeologists

398
00:20:18,510 --> 00:20:21,660
and geologists searching for its location.

399
00:20:21,660 --> 00:20:25,290
In fact, the reason I became
a marine archeologist was

400
00:20:25,290 --> 00:20:28,680
to try to discover the
true location of Atlantis.

401
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:31,655
Having completed my lifetime
goal, I'm looking forward

402
00:20:31,655 --> 00:20:34,170
to enjoying an early retirement.

403
00:20:34,170 --> 00:20:37,380
He added I was astounded
when I heard that Asio

404
00:20:37,380 --> 00:20:40,650
and his team had discovered
the location of the lost city

405
00:20:40,650 --> 00:20:42,240
of Atlantis, mainly

406
00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:44,730
because my great-grandmother always used

407
00:20:44,730 --> 00:20:47,200
to tell us Atlantis could be found at

408
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,540
that exact spot in the ocean.

409
00:20:49,540 --> 00:20:50,650
No one listened to her.

410
00:20:50,650 --> 00:20:53,530
Of course, it seemed
the old bird was right.

411
00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:56,710
Marina Milona, a marketing

412
00:20:56,710 --> 00:20:59,475
and tourism officer at the Cyprus Tourism

413
00:20:59,475 --> 00:21:01,180
Organization added.

414
00:21:01,180 --> 00:21:03,130
It's been long rumored that the lost city

415
00:21:03,130 --> 00:21:06,460
of Atlantis was located
just off the coast of Cyprus

416
00:21:06,460 --> 00:21:08,650
and we are delighted that this has been

417
00:21:08,650 --> 00:21:09,820
officially confirmed.

418
00:21:17,710 --> 00:21:18,790
The ruins of a two

419
00:21:18,790 --> 00:21:22,150
and a half thousand year old
lost ancient civilization were

420
00:21:22,150 --> 00:21:25,150
recently found in the lake in Stan.

421
00:21:25,150 --> 00:21:26,650
Some researchers believe

422
00:21:26,650 --> 00:21:29,890
that these ancient remains may
include an ancient Armenian

423
00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,920
monastery where according
to legend, the body

424
00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:35,980
of Saint Matthew, one of Jesus's disciples

425
00:21:35,980 --> 00:21:38,260
and his many relics were buried.

426
00:21:38,260 --> 00:21:40,750
A number of Orthodox
Christians have long believed

427
00:21:40,750 --> 00:21:42,640
that Matthew was finally laid

428
00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:45,220
to rest here long after his death.

429
00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:48,790
Since the 19th century Russian
scientists, archeologists,

430
00:21:48,790 --> 00:21:50,920
and researchers from the Rgis Academy

431
00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:53,410
of Sciences have studied ancient relics

432
00:21:53,410 --> 00:21:57,010
around isic cool hot lake,
one of the world's highest

433
00:21:57,010 --> 00:22:00,465
and deepest lakes located in
a valley in the high central

434
00:22:00,465 --> 00:22:03,250
Asian mountains in the republic of Stan.

435
00:22:04,360 --> 00:22:09,040
Iko Lake is 113 miles
long up to 37 miles wide

436
00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:13,030
and has an area of 2,408 square miles.

437
00:22:13,030 --> 00:22:17,290
It reaches 2,192 feet in depth.

438
00:22:17,290 --> 00:22:19,540
The lake was first mentioned by Chinese

439
00:22:19,540 --> 00:22:21,700
and Islamic map makers at the beginning

440
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:22,810
of the eighth century.

441
00:22:23,650 --> 00:22:27,070
Archeological finds from the
site have included petroglyphs

442
00:22:27,070 --> 00:22:31,540
and 3000 year old nomadic
burial mounds known as Gans,

443
00:22:31,540 --> 00:22:34,870
early Christian monasteries
and medieval cities.

444
00:22:34,870 --> 00:22:38,020
The Lakers long held a
fascination for researchers

445
00:22:38,020 --> 00:22:41,590
as divers have been exploring
its depth since as long ago

446
00:22:41,590 --> 00:22:43,450
as the 1860s,

447
00:22:43,450 --> 00:22:45,670
there was a significant
rise in the water level

448
00:22:45,670 --> 00:22:48,100
of the lake at the end of the 14th century

449
00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:49,990
and the beginning of the 15th.

450
00:22:49,990 --> 00:22:51,940
As a result of this, the remains

451
00:22:51,940 --> 00:22:54,820
of various ancient
cultures were submerged,

452
00:22:54,820 --> 00:22:58,810
including bronze age settlements,
saki of Sunni burial mans

453
00:22:58,810 --> 00:23:02,560
of the first century BC
medieval towns and settlements

454
00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:04,870
and turkic monuments.

455
00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:09,100
Since 1985, professor Vladimir fluky,

456
00:23:09,100 --> 00:23:11,140
vice president of the Kgi Academy

457
00:23:11,140 --> 00:23:14,020
of Sciences has been
directing underwater surveys,

458
00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:15,490
the excavations at Isic.

459
00:23:15,490 --> 00:23:19,810
Cool, and in 2010, he joined
forces with National Geographic

460
00:23:19,810 --> 00:23:23,320
to explore the extraordinary
history of the lake.

461
00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:25,630
In September, 2013, scientists

462
00:23:25,630 --> 00:23:28,335
and archeologists from
National Geographic began

463
00:23:28,335 --> 00:23:30,490
investigations at the lake.

464
00:23:30,490 --> 00:23:32,200
The team chose this site due

465
00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:35,710
to its position at an important
location along the legendary

466
00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:39,430
silk Road with roots
running along its shores.

467
00:23:39,430 --> 00:23:42,490
In the past, innumerable traders, caravans

468
00:23:42,490 --> 00:23:43,510
and nomadic tribes

469
00:23:43,510 --> 00:23:47,780
and armies traveled along the
130 mile long lake leaving an

470
00:23:47,780 --> 00:23:49,850
extraordinary archeological legacy.

471
00:23:49,850 --> 00:23:53,630
Behind the Silk Road was an
ancient trade route linking

472
00:23:53,630 --> 00:23:56,185
China with the west along which goods

473
00:23:56,185 --> 00:23:59,690
and ideas were carried between
the two great civilizations

474
00:23:59,690 --> 00:24:01,220
of Rome and China

475
00:24:01,220 --> 00:24:05,060
and later between medieval
European kingdoms in China

476
00:24:05,060 --> 00:24:08,120
in the Middle Ages, the area
surrounding the lake was fought

477
00:24:08,120 --> 00:24:12,200
over by two opposing lines of
descendants from Genghis Khan,

478
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:13,315
the Eastern Mongols

479
00:24:13,315 --> 00:24:16,430
and the city dwelling
Islamic Western Mongols.

480
00:24:16,430 --> 00:24:19,885
The legendary Western Mongol
leader Tamerlan was sent

481
00:24:19,885 --> 00:24:23,030
to a fought a battle over the
lake region in the early 14

482
00:24:23,030 --> 00:24:25,700
hundreds, and there
aren't medieval records

483
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:28,460
of a palace built by the
conqueror on the lake shore.

484
00:24:28,460 --> 00:24:32,540
Is it cool? Some researchers
believe it's the same structure

485
00:24:32,540 --> 00:24:36,590
as the 15th century palace near
the town of chomp and Atta.

486
00:24:36,590 --> 00:24:40,310
Described by the medieval
Arab historian Iben Arab Sheik

487
00:24:41,540 --> 00:24:44,330
in December, 2007, it was announced

488
00:24:44,330 --> 00:24:47,330
that Russian researchers had
discovered important ancient

489
00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:51,200
remains, a previously unknown
culture beneath the lake.

490
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:52,490
According to reports,

491
00:24:52,490 --> 00:24:56,330
Russian archeologists discovered
traces of a large city

492
00:24:56,330 --> 00:24:59,240
with an area of several square kilometers.

493
00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:02,540
In other words, it was a
metropolis in its time.

494
00:25:02,540 --> 00:25:05,690
We also found side un burial mounds eroded

495
00:25:05,690 --> 00:25:07,640
by waves over the centuries

496
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:11,570
and numerous well-preserved
artifacts, bronze battle axes,

497
00:25:11,570 --> 00:25:15,350
arrowheads, self sharpening
daggers objects discarded

498
00:25:15,350 --> 00:25:17,505
by Smiths casting molds

499
00:25:17,505 --> 00:25:19,580
and a faceted gold bar,

500
00:25:19,580 --> 00:25:21,560
which was a monetary unit of the time.

501
00:25:22,490 --> 00:25:26,690
In August of 2014, Russian
news outlets published a story

502
00:25:26,690 --> 00:25:30,650
that divers from Tom State
University had located another

503
00:25:30,650 --> 00:25:33,920
previous unknown, ancient
settlement beneath the lake.

504
00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:36,140
Along with 200 artifacts,

505
00:25:36,140 --> 00:25:38,840
perhaps the most
fascinating find was a piece

506
00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:41,810
of large ceramic pot
which had a stamp on it,

507
00:25:41,810 --> 00:25:45,020
written in Armenian and Syrian scripts.

508
00:25:45,020 --> 00:25:48,080
This find may have been
supporting evidence for the story

509
00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:51,260
that an Armenian monastery
existed on this site in

510
00:25:51,260 --> 00:25:52,880
medieval times.

511
00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:55,970
According to Dimitri Gorn
who led the diving team,

512
00:25:55,970 --> 00:25:59,540
the inscribed pot
fragment was truly unique.

513
00:25:59,540 --> 00:26:03,080
He added experts are now
working on the identification

514
00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:05,000
of the writings of the stamps,

515
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:08,330
but it's supposed to be
Armenian Syrian script.

516
00:26:08,330 --> 00:26:11,480
If this proves to be correct,
it will be further evidence

517
00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:15,320
that there was an Armenian
monastery on Isic K in the 14th

518
00:26:15,320 --> 00:26:18,380
century where according
to the legends relics

519
00:26:18,380 --> 00:26:20,300
of Matthew were stored.

520
00:26:20,300 --> 00:26:21,685
There is indeed a tradition

521
00:26:21,685 --> 00:26:24,800
that a monastery on this remote
lake was the last resting

522
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:26,330
place of evangelists St.

523
00:26:26,330 --> 00:26:30,620
Matthew, one of the 12
apostles of Jesus intriguingly.

524
00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:35,090
When the Russian traveler pp
OV was in Venice in the 1850s,

525
00:26:35,090 --> 00:26:40,090
he came upon a copy of the
Catalan Atlas from 1375.

526
00:26:40,460 --> 00:26:41,900
In this work, he found a drawing

527
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,190
of a lakeside monastery with a caption.

528
00:26:44,190 --> 00:26:46,260
The spot is named Issa Cole.

529
00:26:46,260 --> 00:26:49,440
Here is a monastery of Armenian
brethren, which is rumored

530
00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:51,010
to possess the relics of St.

531
00:26:51,010 --> 00:26:53,610
Matthew, the apostle and evangelist.

532
00:26:53,610 --> 00:26:57,120
The extraordinary Catalan
Atlas is a perpetual calendar

533
00:26:57,120 --> 00:27:00,510
and thematic representation
of the known world produced

534
00:27:00,510 --> 00:27:03,150
by the major York and graphic school.

535
00:27:03,150 --> 00:27:05,310
The creation of the
atlas has been attributed

536
00:27:05,310 --> 00:27:06,900
to Abraham Cress.

537
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:11,580
A Jewish cartographer from
Palmer Majorca OV believed

538
00:27:11,580 --> 00:27:15,120
that the monks probably
chose a site on the Menti Bay

539
00:27:15,120 --> 00:27:17,580
as the site was protected from rough water

540
00:27:17,580 --> 00:27:19,260
and rich with fish.

541
00:27:19,260 --> 00:27:23,400
After visiting Isic Cole in 1856 to 57,

542
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:27,360
Soff wrote, Menti Bay
meets these conditions,

543
00:27:27,360 --> 00:27:30,060
but I unfortunately did
not find on the shore,

544
00:27:30,060 --> 00:27:33,090
nor in the drifts of the
neighboring shore any object

545
00:27:33,090 --> 00:27:35,100
supporting my supposition.

546
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:37,950
50 years later, a Russian
Orthodox monastery

547
00:27:37,950 --> 00:27:39,840
was built in the area.

548
00:27:39,840 --> 00:27:41,520
However many Christians believe

549
00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:44,940
that Matthew the apostles
remains were discovered in Ermo,

550
00:27:44,940 --> 00:27:46,920
Italy in 10 80

551
00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:49,290
and are now in Salerno Cathedral,

552
00:27:49,290 --> 00:27:51,600
which is dedicated to the saint.

553
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,125
Apparently St. Matthew's
relics had been brought

554
00:27:54,125 --> 00:27:57,720
to the town in 9 54 Ad St.

555
00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,780
Matthew also called St
Matthew the evangelist and St.

556
00:28:00,780 --> 00:28:03,575
Matthew the apostle was
one of the 12 apostles

557
00:28:03,575 --> 00:28:06,180
of Jesus Christ and the traditional author

558
00:28:06,180 --> 00:28:09,515
of the first synoptic
gospel, the gospel according

559
00:28:09,515 --> 00:28:11,705
to Matthew, according to the calling

560
00:28:11,705 --> 00:28:14,100
of Matthew in the
biblical book of Matthew,

561
00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:15,600
he had been a tax collector

562
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:18,420
before being called to follow Jesus.

563
00:28:18,420 --> 00:28:20,190
As Jesus went on from there,

564
00:28:20,190 --> 00:28:22,295
he saw a man named Matthew sitting at a

565
00:28:22,295 --> 00:28:24,030
tax collector's booth.

566
00:28:24,030 --> 00:28:28,320
Follow me, he told him and
Matthew got up and followed him.

567
00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:31,170
While Jesus was having
dinner at Matthew's house,

568
00:28:31,170 --> 00:28:34,290
many tax collectors and
sinners came and ate with him

569
00:28:34,290 --> 00:28:36,120
and his disciples.

570
00:28:36,120 --> 00:28:39,210
When the Pharisees saw this,
they asked his disciples,

571
00:28:39,210 --> 00:28:42,930
why does your teacher eat with
tax collectors and sinners?

572
00:28:42,930 --> 00:28:45,870
On hearing this, Jesus
said, it is not the healthy

573
00:28:45,870 --> 00:28:48,870
who need a doctor but the sick, but go

574
00:28:48,870 --> 00:28:50,700
and learn what this means.

575
00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:54,480
I desire mercy, not
sacrifice for I have not come

576
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:56,820
to call the righteous but sinners.

577
00:28:57,840 --> 00:28:59,160
According to tradition,

578
00:28:59,160 --> 00:29:01,680
Matthew's missions later
brought him to the east.

579
00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:02,880
Perhaps Ethiopia

580
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:05,070
and Persia stories differ as

581
00:29:05,070 --> 00:29:08,700
to whether he died a natural
death or that of a martyr.

582
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:12,330
According to another tradition,
he died as a martyr in Syria

583
00:29:12,330 --> 00:29:15,630
and his relics were kept
there for 150 years.

584
00:29:15,630 --> 00:29:18,570
Apparently, his followers
later fled from persecution

585
00:29:18,570 --> 00:29:21,120
to the depths of Asia, bringing the relics

586
00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:22,770
of the apostle with them.

587
00:29:22,770 --> 00:29:24,725
Yet another tradition holds that St.

588
00:29:24,725 --> 00:29:26,970
Matthew died while traveling to India

589
00:29:26,970 --> 00:29:30,240
and established several
Christian communities on his way.

590
00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:33,600
One of which was is it's known

591
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,725
that a thriving Christian
Armenian community existed in

592
00:29:36,725 --> 00:29:40,080
Kyrgyzstan since the first century ad

593
00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:42,610
many artifacts found in Chu Valley,

594
00:29:42,610 --> 00:29:45,370
a large valley located in North Shan,

595
00:29:45,370 --> 00:29:46,960
including an a gravestone

596
00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:49,900
with a cross carrying
an Armenian inscription.

597
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:51,640
Jesus, our Lord,

598
00:29:51,640 --> 00:29:54,370
Assyrian inscription
under the cross stated,

599
00:29:54,370 --> 00:29:57,610
this is the grave of
Johan, the Armenian bishop

600
00:29:57,610 --> 00:30:01,720
and a date 7 7 2 in Armenian
chronology corresponding

601
00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:04,360
to 1323 ad.

602
00:30:04,360 --> 00:30:07,750
In medieval times, two Armenian
monasteries stood near one

603
00:30:07,750 --> 00:30:10,450
of the villages on the shore of the lake

604
00:30:10,450 --> 00:30:12,610
ley Ms. Bright Cape.

605
00:30:12,610 --> 00:30:14,415
More evidence that the remains of St.

606
00:30:14,415 --> 00:30:17,260
Matthew May have ended up in
an Armenian monastery on the

607
00:30:17,260 --> 00:30:20,560
lake comes from the late 19th century.

608
00:30:20,560 --> 00:30:22,810
When Barron called bars Russian General

609
00:30:22,810 --> 00:30:26,950
and explorer of Central Asia
traveled to the site he wrote.

610
00:30:26,950 --> 00:30:30,850
It is worth noting that not
far from the Trinity monastery

611
00:30:30,850 --> 00:30:32,830
of the confluence of rivers tie up

612
00:30:32,830 --> 00:30:36,850
and koi ruins of an ancient
town are found under water.

613
00:30:36,850 --> 00:30:39,190
The town hosted the Armenian monastery

614
00:30:39,190 --> 00:30:40,510
guarding the relics of St.

615
00:30:40,510 --> 00:30:43,840
Matthew. Archeological investigation

616
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:48,280
of the mentee settlements
began in 2005 when an

617
00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:51,160
exploratory team visited
the site of the monastery

618
00:30:51,160 --> 00:30:55,480
and settlement fines from the
area include a bronze crosses,

619
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:58,750
a signet ring with
ornamentation colored beads

620
00:30:58,750 --> 00:31:01,960
and more than two dozen crucifix necklaces

621
00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:04,900
only ongoing continuous
archeological expeditions

622
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:08,530
and detailed historical
research can solve the mysteries

623
00:31:08,530 --> 00:31:10,060
of IC Cole.

624
00:31:10,060 --> 00:31:12,610
Nevertheless, some people are convinced

625
00:31:12,610 --> 00:31:15,040
that this site is indeed the location

626
00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:17,260
of the lost Armenian monastery

627
00:31:17,260 --> 00:31:19,395
and possibly the remains of St.

628
00:31:19,395 --> 00:31:19,930
Matthew.

629
00:31:26,950 --> 00:31:28,630
According to Hindu legend,

630
00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:31,750
there was once a mystical
kingdom located in the middle

631
00:31:31,750 --> 00:31:36,130
of the sea, the city was
home to 900 palaces, all made

632
00:31:36,130 --> 00:31:37,935
of gold and was supposed

633
00:31:37,935 --> 00:31:40,725
to have arisen outta the
waters on the command

634
00:31:40,725 --> 00:31:42,520
of Lord Krishna.

635
00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:45,490
Recently underwater archeologists
claimed to have located

636
00:31:45,490 --> 00:31:47,830
what some believe to be the foundations

637
00:31:47,830 --> 00:31:50,290
of this fabulous lost city, of the coast

638
00:31:50,290 --> 00:31:52,390
of modern daka in western India.

639
00:31:53,620 --> 00:31:56,350
Chardan literally meaning the four abodes

640
00:31:56,350 --> 00:32:00,370
or seats are the names of
four pilgrimage sites in India

641
00:32:00,370 --> 00:32:02,980
that are widely revered by Hindus.

642
00:32:02,980 --> 00:32:07,980
It comprises of badrinath,
dka, pur, and worm.

643
00:32:08,350 --> 00:32:11,380
Daka is often identified
with the D Duka kingdom,

644
00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:13,210
the ancient kingdom of Krishna

645
00:32:13,210 --> 00:32:16,570
and is believed to have been
the first capital of Gujarat.

646
00:32:16,570 --> 00:32:19,780
According to legend, Krishna
founded the city in Gujarat's

647
00:32:19,780 --> 00:32:21,765
west coast after he defeated

648
00:32:21,765 --> 00:32:25,120
and killed his uncle cancer at Mathura.

649
00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:28,600
In Indian epic literature,
the ancient city is also known

650
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:30,400
as Deca.

651
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:34,420
Traditionally, modern D
is identified with Deca.

652
00:32:34,420 --> 00:32:36,010
Ancient Deca is supposed

653
00:32:36,010 --> 00:32:40,220
to have sank into the sea In
remote history, the ancient

654
00:32:40,220 --> 00:32:42,620
and modern city, now known as dka,

655
00:32:42,620 --> 00:32:46,250
is located on the western tip
of the Sur Astra Peninsula.

656
00:32:46,250 --> 00:32:50,570
In Gujarat, northwestern
India in the 14th century,

657
00:32:50,570 --> 00:32:52,820
the town's original temples were destroyed

658
00:32:52,820 --> 00:32:54,650
by the deli emperors,

659
00:32:54,650 --> 00:32:56,570
but the most important of them,

660
00:32:56,570 --> 00:33:01,160
Jaga Manir was subsequently
rebuilt Jaga Manir,

661
00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,590
also known as the ish temple,

662
00:33:03,590 --> 00:33:05,725
is a Hindu temple dedicated to God.

663
00:33:05,725 --> 00:33:08,570
Krishna, who is worshiped
here with the name

664
00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:10,760
of Ddu Kadish or the king of Duka.

665
00:33:12,020 --> 00:33:16,400
The five story sandstone edifice
is supported by 72 pillars

666
00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,850
and was constructed in the
15th to 16th centuries.

667
00:33:19,850 --> 00:33:24,230
In the Chauka style,
it's covers an area of 69

668
00:33:24,230 --> 00:33:27,170
by 88.5 feet with its spire,

669
00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:30,470
a dizzying 257 feet high.

670
00:33:30,470 --> 00:33:34,130
The temple is visited by
thousands of pilgrims every year.

671
00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:36,710
Ancient vara is mentioned in a number

672
00:33:36,710 --> 00:33:41,265
of Indian texts including
the Maha Harta, the Shirad,

673
00:33:41,265 --> 00:33:43,585
and the Bava Gita.

674
00:33:43,585 --> 00:33:45,860
The Ma Harta described de vaca

675
00:33:45,860 --> 00:33:49,975
as having 900,000 royal palaces,
all constructed of crystal

676
00:33:49,975 --> 00:33:53,060
and silver and decorated with emeralds.

677
00:33:53,060 --> 00:33:55,850
The ancient city was connected
by an elaborate system

678
00:33:55,850 --> 00:33:58,700
of boulevards, roads, marketplaces,

679
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:01,160
assembly houses, and temples.

680
00:34:01,160 --> 00:34:04,430
Archeological investigations
in the city of Daka

681
00:34:04,430 --> 00:34:07,580
and offshore in the Arabian
Sea have been undertaken

682
00:34:07,580 --> 00:34:11,990
by the archeological survey
of India since the 1960s.

683
00:34:11,990 --> 00:34:13,160
Over the past decade

684
00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:16,580
or so, underwater excavations
have uncovered interesting

685
00:34:16,580 --> 00:34:19,765
remains at a depth of 120 feet in the Gulf

686
00:34:19,765 --> 00:34:22,940
of Cam Bay off the western coast of India.

687
00:34:22,940 --> 00:34:26,600
Some reports claim these
discoveries could be over 9,000

688
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,600
years old and cover an
area five miles long

689
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:31,370
and two miles wide.

690
00:34:31,370 --> 00:34:34,130
Marine archeologists have
used a technique known

691
00:34:34,130 --> 00:34:37,070
as sub bottom profiling to reveal

692
00:34:37,070 --> 00:34:40,760
that the buildings remain
stand on enormous foundations.

693
00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:44,900
One news report in the new
Indian Express from August, 2018

694
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:47,000
stated sensationally,

695
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:51,145
marine scientists say
archeological remains discovered 36

696
00:34:51,145 --> 00:34:54,380
meters, 120 feet underwater in the Gulf

697
00:34:54,380 --> 00:34:56,065
of Kabe off the western coast

698
00:34:56,065 --> 00:34:59,510
of India could be over 9,000 years old.

699
00:34:59,510 --> 00:35:02,540
It's believed to predate
the oldest known remains

700
00:35:02,540 --> 00:35:03,800
in the subcontinent.

701
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,380
By more than 5,000 years

702
00:35:06,380 --> 00:35:09,200
carbon dating on debris
recovered from the site,

703
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:12,590
including construction,
material, pottery, sections

704
00:35:12,590 --> 00:35:15,320
of walls, beads,
sculpture, and human bones

705
00:35:15,320 --> 00:35:17,960
and teeth, put it at nearly nine

706
00:35:17,960 --> 00:35:19,940
and a half thousand years old,

707
00:35:19,940 --> 00:35:23,030
making it older than the
Sumerian civilization

708
00:35:23,030 --> 00:35:25,220
by several thousand years.

709
00:35:25,220 --> 00:35:29,240
It's also older than the Egyptian
and Chinese civilizations.

710
00:35:29,240 --> 00:35:32,540
The city is believed to be
even older than the ancient

711
00:35:32,540 --> 00:35:37,230
Harapan civilization, sandstone
walls, and a grid of streets

712
00:35:37,230 --> 00:35:40,710
and other evidence of a
seaport 70 feet underwater.

713
00:35:40,710 --> 00:35:42,540
Alongside artifacts dating back

714
00:35:42,540 --> 00:35:47,070
to 7,500 BC have
convinced some researchers

715
00:35:47,070 --> 00:35:48,900
that finally the legendary city

716
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:52,290
of 900,000 royal palaces has been located.

717
00:35:53,310 --> 00:35:55,890
The archeological
explorations of the coast

718
00:35:55,890 --> 00:35:58,920
of daka have also brought
to light a large number

719
00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:00,570
of stone structures.

720
00:36:00,570 --> 00:36:03,570
These are semi-circular, rectangular

721
00:36:03,570 --> 00:36:06,900
and square stone edifices
scattered randomly

722
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:08,820
over a vast area.

723
00:36:08,820 --> 00:36:11,165
Besides these structures, many varieties

724
00:36:11,165 --> 00:36:13,590
of stone anchors have been
uncovered alongside the

725
00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:15,390
structures as well.

726
00:36:15,390 --> 00:36:16,620
Such findings suggests

727
00:36:16,620 --> 00:36:19,980
that the ancient de vaca
was once a busy port,

728
00:36:19,980 --> 00:36:22,200
though the structures are thought to date

729
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,475
to comparatively late in
the site's history probably

730
00:36:25,475 --> 00:36:28,260
belonging to the late medieval period.

731
00:36:28,260 --> 00:36:31,110
Indeed, various Indian
historians have stated

732
00:36:31,110 --> 00:36:34,980
that the stone anchors match
those used in the Indo Arab

733
00:36:34,980 --> 00:36:38,460
trade from the eighth to 14th century ad.

734
00:36:38,460 --> 00:36:42,185
However, this recent date has
not stopped some from claiming

735
00:36:42,185 --> 00:36:44,645
that the remains represent
the legendary loss city

736
00:36:44,645 --> 00:36:48,150
of de Vaca and so must be 9,000 years old.

737
00:36:49,110 --> 00:36:50,790
The lead archeologist of a number

738
00:36:50,790 --> 00:36:52,710
of excavations at the site.

739
00:36:52,710 --> 00:36:56,490
The late Dr. SR Reo
described the town plan

740
00:36:56,490 --> 00:37:00,240
of early Deca based on
his team's discoveries,

741
00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:04,320
there were two fortification
walls, one on the lower terrace

742
00:37:04,320 --> 00:37:06,600
and other in the middle terrace.

743
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:08,970
These walls which extend over a length

744
00:37:08,970 --> 00:37:12,300
of four kilometers on the eastern
shore are mostly destroyed

745
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:13,830
by sea action.

746
00:37:13,830 --> 00:37:15,605
The walls of the lower terrace are

747
00:37:15,605 --> 00:37:18,210
of massive dress sandstone blocks.

748
00:37:18,210 --> 00:37:21,870
While that of the upper terrace
are of rubble, the houses

749
00:37:21,870 --> 00:37:23,910
and other public buildings built

750
00:37:23,910 --> 00:37:27,720
of smaller size stones
within the enclosures are all

751
00:37:27,720 --> 00:37:31,290
destroyed and leveled up by
the encroachment of the sea.

752
00:37:31,290 --> 00:37:34,380
These structures lie to
depth of seven to 10 meters

753
00:37:34,380 --> 00:37:37,860
below the present mean sea
level indicating a rise

754
00:37:37,860 --> 00:37:42,860
of 10 meters in sea level
during the last 3,600 years.

755
00:37:43,470 --> 00:37:45,300
In the opinion of some researchers,

756
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:47,580
the rise in sea level mentioned by Dr.

757
00:37:47,580 --> 00:37:51,540
Rao seems to indicate that
ancient de vaca was destroyed

758
00:37:51,540 --> 00:37:53,190
by a great flood.

759
00:37:53,190 --> 00:37:56,130
Indeed, for some archeological
proof of the existence

760
00:37:56,130 --> 00:37:59,375
of the de vaca and its
submergence perhaps in the second

761
00:37:59,375 --> 00:38:02,130
millennium, BC reflects the truth

762
00:38:02,130 --> 00:38:05,040
of the descriptions in the Maha harta.

763
00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:08,700
For them, the fines would make
the Maha Harta not merely a

764
00:38:08,700 --> 00:38:10,320
book of myths and legends,

765
00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:13,710
but to some extent a genuine
account of past events.

766
00:38:15,090 --> 00:38:18,030
In September, 2019, it
seemed that final proof

767
00:38:18,030 --> 00:38:21,870
for the wonderful architectural
achievements of ancient deca

768
00:38:21,870 --> 00:38:25,380
have been discovered
underwater of modern dwana.

769
00:38:25,380 --> 00:38:26,610
A Twitter user going

770
00:38:26,610 --> 00:38:31,320
by the name at jks shared
four sensational photos

771
00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:34,115
showing Ornately decorated
underwater sculptures

772
00:38:34,115 --> 00:38:37,870
and structures with one
resembling a temple tower.

773
00:38:37,870 --> 00:38:41,945
There was a claim accompanying
the image which stated Shri

774
00:38:41,945 --> 00:38:45,310
kna daka the sunken city in Gujarat

775
00:38:45,310 --> 00:38:47,620
as described in the Moab Harta.

776
00:38:47,620 --> 00:38:51,430
It is real, yet the Christian
world says there is no proof.

777
00:38:51,430 --> 00:38:54,940
The tweet was retweeted over 1500 times.

778
00:38:55,780 --> 00:38:59,320
However, subsequent research
into the four images reveal the

779
00:38:59,320 --> 00:39:01,060
falseness of the claim.

780
00:39:01,060 --> 00:39:03,250
One image showing the sculpture of a lion

781
00:39:03,250 --> 00:39:06,190
with its left paw resting
on a ball was traced

782
00:39:06,190 --> 00:39:09,250
to an underwater memorial
reef near Ki bisque

783
00:39:09,250 --> 00:39:10,690
in Miami, Florida.

784
00:39:10,690 --> 00:39:13,330
It is the largest
manmade reef in the world

785
00:39:13,330 --> 00:39:15,460
and contains two statues of lions

786
00:39:15,460 --> 00:39:17,800
to mark the entrance to the site.

787
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:18,915
It is a photo of one

788
00:39:18,915 --> 00:39:21,820
of these lions which was
used on Twitter as proof

789
00:39:21,820 --> 00:39:24,610
of new discoveries from ancient draca.

790
00:39:24,610 --> 00:39:26,650
The three other images were also traced

791
00:39:26,650 --> 00:39:28,840
to various other online sources,

792
00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:32,200
including various Photoshopped
composite images using

793
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:35,680
various temple remains collected
from all over the world.

794
00:39:35,680 --> 00:39:37,185
Consequently, it's obvious

795
00:39:37,185 --> 00:39:39,795
that the images used on
Twitter have no connection

796
00:39:39,795 --> 00:39:42,730
whatsoever to ancient daka.

797
00:39:42,730 --> 00:39:43,815
Indeed, the whole claim

798
00:39:43,815 --> 00:39:45,940
of a submerged civilization off the coast

799
00:39:45,940 --> 00:39:50,530
of daka dating back 9,000
years rests on extremely shaky

800
00:39:50,530 --> 00:39:53,950
grounds in the media
accounts of the discoveries.

801
00:39:53,950 --> 00:39:57,190
The claim of the city being
9,000 years old is based

802
00:39:57,190 --> 00:40:00,040
entirely on one radiocarbon
date from a single piece

803
00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:01,750
of wood, but this piece

804
00:40:01,750 --> 00:40:04,540
of wood could very easily
have belonged to a tree

805
00:40:04,540 --> 00:40:07,840
that existed prior to
these underwater remains.

806
00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:11,860
No other object from the
excavation has actually been dated.

807
00:40:11,860 --> 00:40:13,120
Experts have pointed out

808
00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:16,480
that the area in which remains
have been found has huge

809
00:40:16,480 --> 00:40:19,185
tidal movements, which
would've moved artifacts

810
00:40:19,185 --> 00:40:22,360
and even structures around
perhaps many miles from their

811
00:40:22,360 --> 00:40:24,340
original locations.

812
00:40:24,340 --> 00:40:27,370
Furthermore, many of these
stone objects found seem

813
00:40:27,370 --> 00:40:30,160
to be geo facts rather than artifacts

814
00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:34,720
and is natural objects made
by water and sand erosion.

815
00:40:34,720 --> 00:40:38,895
The argument that there's a
submerged 9,000 Euros di raca in

816
00:40:38,895 --> 00:40:40,990
the area is based on the premise

817
00:40:40,990 --> 00:40:43,990
that a submerged coastal
settlement could only have been

818
00:40:43,990 --> 00:40:46,425
built when sea levels were much lower and

819
00:40:46,425 --> 00:40:48,280
therefore could only have been built

820
00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:51,970
before the end of the last ice
age around 10,000 years ago.

821
00:41:22,905 --> 00:41:23,950
The question of when

822
00:41:23,950 --> 00:41:25,000
and how the continent

823
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:28,065
of Australia was first
populated has always been a bit

824
00:41:28,065 --> 00:41:30,250
of a puzzle to archeologists,

825
00:41:30,250 --> 00:41:32,860
but recently some new
light has been shed on the

826
00:41:33,890 --> 00:41:37,400
an international team of
archeologists, geographers,

827
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:41,000
ecologists and computer
scientists mapped the probable

828
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:44,120
superhighways that led to the first people

829
00:41:44,120 --> 00:41:46,910
of the Australian continent around 50,000

830
00:41:46,910 --> 00:41:49,310
to 70,000 years ago.

831
00:41:49,310 --> 00:41:52,910
The team generated a fascinating
map which reveals these

832
00:41:52,910 --> 00:41:55,280
migration superhighways traversed

833
00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:57,440
by early humans in Australia,

834
00:41:57,440 --> 00:42:00,320
which mysteriously bear
striking similarities

835
00:42:00,320 --> 00:42:02,930
to Australia's modern
highways and stock route.

836
00:42:08,720 --> 00:42:11,720
Some researchers have also
suggested a connection

837
00:42:11,720 --> 00:42:14,390
between these newly
discovered superhighways

838
00:42:14,390 --> 00:42:17,180
and the mysterious
aboriginal dreaming tracks.

839
00:42:18,050 --> 00:42:20,990
Over the years, there have
been many theories about

840
00:42:20,990 --> 00:42:24,620
where the indigenous ancestors
first settled in Australia

841
00:42:24,620 --> 00:42:26,690
tens of thousands of years ago,

842
00:42:26,690 --> 00:42:30,470
but evidence for this
activity is extremely scarce.

843
00:42:30,470 --> 00:42:31,670
Only a very small number

844
00:42:31,670 --> 00:42:35,570
of archeological sites date
from these early times when sea

845
00:42:35,570 --> 00:42:36,950
levels were much lower

846
00:42:36,950 --> 00:42:39,770
and Northern Australia
was joined by Landbridge

847
00:42:39,770 --> 00:42:43,760
to present day Southern New
Guinea and Eastern Indonesia,

848
00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:45,380
and people and animals were able

849
00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:47,810
to walk at various times across the

850
00:42:47,810 --> 00:42:49,850
Tasmania from the mainland.

851
00:42:49,850 --> 00:42:52,370
This mega continent known as Sahu

852
00:42:52,370 --> 00:42:55,430
was 30% larger than Australia is today.

853
00:42:56,360 --> 00:42:59,960
One of these early archeological
sites was at the now Dry

854
00:42:59,960 --> 00:43:03,230
Lake MGO in Western New South Wales.

855
00:43:03,230 --> 00:43:06,050
Here in 1968 Earth,

856
00:43:06,050 --> 00:43:08,630
Jim Bola uncovered the cremated remains

857
00:43:08,630 --> 00:43:11,930
of an aboriginal woman
in an eroding dune close

858
00:43:11,930 --> 00:43:13,820
to the shoreline of the lake.

859
00:43:13,820 --> 00:43:18,230
In 1974, the ancient remains
of a man were found nearby.

860
00:43:18,230 --> 00:43:20,870
Both of these remains now called Mgo Lady

861
00:43:20,870 --> 00:43:23,240
and MGO man were found to date back

862
00:43:23,240 --> 00:43:25,820
to staggering 40,000 years,

863
00:43:25,820 --> 00:43:27,950
thus doubling scientific estimates of

864
00:43:27,950 --> 00:43:31,670
how long aboriginal people
had lived in Australia.

865
00:43:31,670 --> 00:43:34,340
The amazing discoveries at Lake Mgo reveal

866
00:43:34,340 --> 00:43:38,300
that Aboriginal history
stretched back at times so remote

867
00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:41,060
that the only humans in
Europe when Neanderthals

868
00:43:41,060 --> 00:43:43,400
and people had not yet reached America.

869
00:43:44,480 --> 00:43:47,510
By about 70,000 years ago, modern humans,

870
00:43:47,510 --> 00:43:51,350
homo sapiens began moving
into Southeast Asia

871
00:43:51,350 --> 00:43:54,115
where they would probably have
encountered existing groups

872
00:43:54,115 --> 00:43:59,000
of archaic humans like
Homoerectus Homo Florensis

873
00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:00,890
often referred to as the hobbits

874
00:44:00,890 --> 00:44:04,460
and possibly also the
mysterious Dennis Os.

875
00:44:04,460 --> 00:44:07,765
In May, 2021, it was
announced that researchers had

876
00:44:07,765 --> 00:44:09,200
to use supercomputers

877
00:44:09,200 --> 00:44:12,920
to simulate 125 billion
possible travel routes

878
00:44:12,920 --> 00:44:16,070
and reconstruct the most
likely super highways.

879
00:44:16,070 --> 00:44:18,530
The first humans to
arrive in Australia used

880
00:44:18,530 --> 00:44:23,480
to navigate across this new
land more than 65,000 years ago.

881
00:44:23,480 --> 00:44:25,250
The international team of scientists

882
00:44:25,250 --> 00:44:27,230
who undertook the research was led

883
00:44:27,230 --> 00:44:30,680
by researchers from the
Australian Research Council Center

884
00:44:30,680 --> 00:44:33,810
of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity

885
00:44:33,810 --> 00:44:35,730
and Heritage Kabar,

886
00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:39,090
and recently revealed some of
their methods to the press.

887
00:44:39,090 --> 00:44:42,960
They said, we think people
navigated in new territories much

888
00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:44,430
as people do today

889
00:44:44,430 --> 00:44:47,430
by focusing on prominent
land features protruding

890
00:44:47,430 --> 00:44:51,120
above the relative flatness
of the Australian continent.

891
00:44:51,120 --> 00:44:52,470
To map these features,

892
00:44:52,470 --> 00:44:55,470
we built the most complete
digital elevation model

893
00:44:55,470 --> 00:45:00,150
for sahu ever constructed,
including areas now underwater.

894
00:45:00,150 --> 00:45:03,395
We used this digital
elevation model to understand

895
00:45:03,395 --> 00:45:05,790
what was visible to early travelers,

896
00:45:05,790 --> 00:45:08,490
essentially from each
point in the continent.

897
00:45:08,490 --> 00:45:11,250
We asked what can you see from here?

898
00:45:11,250 --> 00:45:14,190
This moving window calculates
the largest view shed

899
00:45:14,190 --> 00:45:15,780
map ever created.

900
00:45:15,780 --> 00:45:17,550
When our virtual travelers move,

901
00:45:17,550 --> 00:45:20,855
they reorient based on visible
terrain everywhere they

902
00:45:20,855 --> 00:45:22,980
go for their work.

903
00:45:22,980 --> 00:45:25,860
The researchers created
an imaginary traveler,

904
00:45:25,860 --> 00:45:29,760
a 25-year-old woman carrying
10 kilograms of supplies

905
00:45:29,760 --> 00:45:31,740
to traverse the landscape.

906
00:45:31,740 --> 00:45:33,510
They collected all the various pieces

907
00:45:33,510 --> 00:45:37,020
of data they accumulated
into a mega model known

908
00:45:37,020 --> 00:45:40,320
as from everywhere to everywhere fate,

909
00:45:40,320 --> 00:45:44,910
and created over 125 billion
possible pathways from every

910
00:45:44,910 --> 00:45:48,030
spot on the continent to everywhere else.

911
00:45:48,030 --> 00:45:50,190
Each route represented the easiest way

912
00:45:50,190 --> 00:45:52,650
to move from one location to another.

913
00:45:52,650 --> 00:45:55,685
Obviously, the researchers
could not possibly examine every

914
00:45:55,685 --> 00:45:59,910
path of the 125 billion
pathways that they had created,

915
00:45:59,910 --> 00:46:01,410
so they reduced the number

916
00:46:01,410 --> 00:46:05,400
by comparing all plausible
pathways with the distribution

917
00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:08,490
of the oldest known archeological
sites on the ancient

918
00:46:08,490 --> 00:46:12,690
continent providing weighted
possibilities for each path.

919
00:46:12,690 --> 00:46:14,220
This work produced a scale

920
00:46:14,220 --> 00:46:16,920
of pathways going from the most likely

921
00:46:16,920 --> 00:46:19,380
to the least likely chosen paths.

922
00:46:19,380 --> 00:46:22,410
The most likely pathways
in the map above are

923
00:46:22,410 --> 00:46:25,380
what the research has
called the superhighways

924
00:46:25,380 --> 00:46:28,710
of the first indigenous
populations on the continent.

925
00:46:29,760 --> 00:46:32,730
The team's conclusion drawn
from their computer generated

926
00:46:32,730 --> 00:46:36,300
maps is that the early
populations spread across the now

927
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:38,730
submerged wide plains on the western

928
00:46:38,730 --> 00:46:40,920
and eastern margins of the continent

929
00:46:40,920 --> 00:46:43,920
and through to the region
that now forms the Gulf

930
00:46:43,920 --> 00:46:45,390
of Carpentaria,

931
00:46:45,390 --> 00:46:47,550
the large shallow sea which now connects

932
00:46:47,550 --> 00:46:49,800
Australia to New Guinea.

933
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:52,205
The nagging question of
whether there was evidence

934
00:46:52,205 --> 00:46:55,440
that anyone had actually used
these computer identified

935
00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:58,080
highways in the remote
past was soon answered

936
00:46:58,080 --> 00:46:59,760
by their research.

937
00:46:59,760 --> 00:47:02,910
A large number of archeological
sites in Australia known

938
00:47:02,910 --> 00:47:06,660
to be at least 35,000
years old were located on

939
00:47:06,660 --> 00:47:08,730
or near these superhighways,

940
00:47:08,730 --> 00:47:10,860
and many tracks also coincided

941
00:47:10,860 --> 00:47:13,980
with ancient trade routes
known from the oral histories

942
00:47:13,980 --> 00:47:17,010
of the indigenous people
or agreed with genetic

943
00:47:17,010 --> 00:47:21,840
and linguistic studies used to
trace early human migrations,

944
00:47:21,840 --> 00:47:24,900
but these superhighways may
well have been much more than

945
00:47:24,900 --> 00:47:27,030
roots used for the initial peeing of Saul.

946
00:47:27,960 --> 00:47:30,370
A number of these super identified

947
00:47:30,370 --> 00:47:33,490
by the research team follow
well-known aboriginal trade

948
00:47:33,490 --> 00:47:35,620
routes which cross the country.

949
00:47:35,620 --> 00:47:37,870
These include the route from Cape York

950
00:47:37,870 --> 00:47:41,565
to South Australia via
Birdsville used by traders

951
00:47:41,565 --> 00:47:43,840
of Peturi native tobacco

952
00:47:43,840 --> 00:47:46,870
and the trade of Kimberley
Baylor Shell into

953
00:47:46,870 --> 00:47:48,790
central Australia.

954
00:47:48,790 --> 00:47:50,565
There are also obvious similarities

955
00:47:50,565 --> 00:47:53,410
between the researchers'
map of ancient highways

956
00:47:53,410 --> 00:47:55,060
and the most common trading

957
00:47:55,060 --> 00:47:57,610
and stock routes used by early Europeans,

958
00:47:57,610 --> 00:47:58,660
which is not surprising

959
00:47:58,660 --> 00:48:01,305
as they followed
established routes long used

960
00:48:01,305 --> 00:48:02,950
by the aboriginal peoples.

961
00:48:04,030 --> 00:48:07,240
The researchers' groundbreaking
work on the Superhighways

962
00:48:07,240 --> 00:48:11,230
has impressed the archeological
community archeologist Kyle

963
00:48:11,230 --> 00:48:13,180
Bachinski of the University of Montana.

964
00:48:13,180 --> 00:48:17,110
Ms. Ula said this is a really
compelling illustration

965
00:48:17,110 --> 00:48:20,895
of the power of using these
simulation techniques at a huge

966
00:48:20,895 --> 00:48:22,210
continental scale.

967
00:48:22,210 --> 00:48:25,150
To understand how people
navigate landscapes,

968
00:48:25,150 --> 00:48:27,490
its impressive extreme computing.

969
00:48:28,510 --> 00:48:31,395
One intriguing aspect
of this new research is

970
00:48:31,395 --> 00:48:33,225
that it has revealed major roots

971
00:48:33,225 --> 00:48:37,000
that cut across several dry
areas in Australia's center

972
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:40,120
and in the northeastern
state of Queensland.

973
00:48:40,120 --> 00:48:43,360
The existence of paths in
such locations would appear

974
00:48:43,360 --> 00:48:45,400
to challenge the long held view

975
00:48:45,400 --> 00:48:47,260
that the earliest people on the continent

976
00:48:47,260 --> 00:48:49,270
avoided the deserts.

977
00:48:49,270 --> 00:48:51,040
Kabar deputy director,

978
00:48:51,040 --> 00:48:55,180
distinguished professor Sean
Umm from James Cook University

979
00:48:55,180 --> 00:48:56,565
commented on the importance

980
00:48:56,565 --> 00:48:59,800
of the research team's work
in revealing the significance

981
00:48:59,800 --> 00:49:03,400
of landscape to the native
inhabitants of the continent.

982
00:49:03,400 --> 00:49:06,520
He said, Australia is not only the driest,

983
00:49:06,520 --> 00:49:09,850
but also the flattest
populated continent on earth.

984
00:49:09,850 --> 00:49:12,940
Our research shows that
prominent landscape features

985
00:49:12,940 --> 00:49:16,240
and water sources were
critical for people to navigate

986
00:49:16,240 --> 00:49:18,220
and survive on the continent.

987
00:49:18,220 --> 00:49:20,140
In many aboriginal societies,

988
00:49:20,140 --> 00:49:22,750
landscape features are
believed to being created

989
00:49:22,750 --> 00:49:25,780
by ancestral beings during the dreaming.

990
00:49:25,780 --> 00:49:28,540
Every ridge line, hill river, beach

991
00:49:28,540 --> 00:49:31,240
and water source is named storied

992
00:49:31,240 --> 00:49:33,285
and inscribed into the very fabric

993
00:49:33,285 --> 00:49:36,790
of societies emphasizing
the intimate relationship

994
00:49:36,790 --> 00:49:39,010
between people and place.

995
00:49:39,010 --> 00:49:41,320
The landscape is literally
woven into people's

996
00:49:41,320 --> 00:49:43,120
lives and their histories.

997
00:49:43,120 --> 00:49:44,950
It seems that these relationships

998
00:49:44,950 --> 00:49:47,530
between people in the
country probably date back

999
00:49:47,530 --> 00:49:50,440
to the earliest people of the continent.

1000
00:49:50,440 --> 00:49:52,750
This quote brings in a
question of a connection

1001
00:49:52,750 --> 00:49:55,600
between these newly revealed superhighways

1002
00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:58,930
and aboriginal dreaming
tracks to the aborigines.

1003
00:49:58,930 --> 00:50:02,290
A dreaming track or songline
as it is also known,

1004
00:50:02,290 --> 00:50:03,340
is a route taken

1005
00:50:03,340 --> 00:50:06,940
by ancestral heroes in the
dream time in which all

1006
00:50:06,940 --> 00:50:09,160
aboriginal culture has its roots and

1007
00:50:09,160 --> 00:50:12,730
before, which in their minds
the earth did not exist.

1008
00:50:12,730 --> 00:50:14,830
As with the ancient super highways,

1009
00:50:14,830 --> 00:50:16,660
these mostly invisible paths

1010
00:50:16,660 --> 00:50:20,650
or tracks usually connect
aboriginal sacred sites in the

1011
00:50:20,650 --> 00:50:22,060
dream time, groups

1012
00:50:22,060 --> 00:50:24,790
of ancestral beings
journeyed across the land,

1013
00:50:24,790 --> 00:50:28,340
performing mighty deeds
and creating living species

1014
00:50:28,340 --> 00:50:30,500
and features of the desert landscape.

1015
00:50:30,500 --> 00:50:33,620
The adventure of these
ancestors also referred to

1016
00:50:33,620 --> 00:50:38,180
as totemic ancestors are
chronicled in sacred songs, stories

1017
00:50:38,180 --> 00:50:39,200
and rituals.

1018
00:50:40,070 --> 00:50:43,250
These totemic ancestors
also establish the rules

1019
00:50:43,250 --> 00:50:48,110
of aboriginal religion, law,
moral systems, and social life.

1020
00:50:48,110 --> 00:50:51,560
In the mind of the Aborigines
dream, time is a true record

1021
00:50:51,560 --> 00:50:53,480
of how the landscape was formed,

1022
00:50:53,480 --> 00:50:56,300
a landscape which is still
inhabited by the spirits

1023
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:58,160
of their ancestor beings.

1024
00:50:58,160 --> 00:51:01,790
By reenacting the myths in
the dream time in song story

1025
00:51:01,790 --> 00:51:05,990
and ceremony, the Aborigines
keep their ancestors rules

1026
00:51:05,990 --> 00:51:08,780
believe some relationships
with the landscape alive,

1027
00:51:09,830 --> 00:51:11,330
the massive rock form

1028
00:51:11,330 --> 00:51:15,830
of heir's rock Uluru in the
local Angu language is an

1029
00:51:15,830 --> 00:51:19,885
isolated sandstone
outcrop rising 1,140 feet

1030
00:51:19,885 --> 00:51:22,970
above the red desert plain
in the northern territory

1031
00:51:22,970 --> 00:51:27,770
of central Australia, 208 miles
southwest of Alice Springs.

1032
00:51:27,770 --> 00:51:31,490
This sacred place is seen by
the Anangu as a living record

1033
00:51:31,490 --> 00:51:34,430
of the dream time activities
of their ancestors

1034
00:51:34,430 --> 00:51:36,890
and the appearance and
origin of every feature

1035
00:51:36,890 --> 00:51:40,075
of the giant rock is present
on the mental map carried

1036
00:51:40,075 --> 00:51:42,890
around by the Anangu people of the area.

1037
00:51:42,890 --> 00:51:46,340
One reason why the local Anangu
population refer tourists

1038
00:51:46,340 --> 00:51:49,855
not to climb the rock is that
the hiking path crosses one

1039
00:51:49,855 --> 00:51:53,570
of the many traditional
dreaming tracks on the site.

1040
00:51:53,570 --> 00:51:56,090
Hopefully future work
on possible connections

1041
00:51:56,090 --> 00:51:58,490
between these fascinating super highways

1042
00:51:58,490 --> 00:52:01,430
and aboriginal dreaming
tracks might reveal important

1043
00:52:01,430 --> 00:52:04,370
insights into the
spiritual nature of both.

1044
00:52:19,040 --> 00:52:21,740
During the drought which
resulted from the unusually hot

1045
00:52:21,740 --> 00:52:24,320
summer of 2019, the shoreline

1046
00:52:24,320 --> 00:52:27,980
of the Tanus River in central
Spain receded revealing a

1047
00:52:27,980 --> 00:52:31,400
6,000 year old circular
monument in the middle

1048
00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:35,390
of the Val Decans reservoir
known as the Dolman

1049
00:52:35,390 --> 00:52:36,680
of Guap.

1050
00:52:36,680 --> 00:52:38,600
This megalithic monument consists

1051
00:52:38,600 --> 00:52:41,690
of more than a hundred standing
granite stones, some up

1052
00:52:41,690 --> 00:52:46,430
to six feet tall, arranged in
an 85 foot diameter circle.

1053
00:52:46,430 --> 00:52:48,050
Some researchers believe that one

1054
00:52:48,050 --> 00:52:49,910
of the stones in the monument has

1055
00:52:49,910 --> 00:52:53,120
what may be the world's
oldest map carved on it,

1056
00:52:53,120 --> 00:52:55,430
but who built it and what was it used for?

1057
00:52:56,360 --> 00:53:00,140
The discovery of the monument in 1963,

1058
00:53:00,140 --> 00:53:03,800
a megalithic monument known
as the domen of qual peral,

1059
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:06,170
which stood on the
banks of the Tegu River,

1060
00:53:06,170 --> 00:53:07,820
disappeared under the water

1061
00:53:07,820 --> 00:53:10,640
of the newly constructed
reservoir, northeast

1062
00:53:10,640 --> 00:53:12,650
of Extremadura, a region

1063
00:53:12,650 --> 00:53:16,460
of western Spain bordering
Portugal on its western side.

1064
00:53:16,460 --> 00:53:18,650
After the construction only the tips

1065
00:53:18,650 --> 00:53:21,080
of the largest megaliths
were occasionally visible

1066
00:53:21,080 --> 00:53:22,580
above the waterline.

1067
00:53:22,580 --> 00:53:26,100
Surprisingly, there seems to
be no outcry at the submergence

1068
00:53:26,100 --> 00:53:29,370
of this ancient monument,
certainly nowhere near the level

1069
00:53:29,370 --> 00:53:32,130
of the reaction of
archeologists, historians

1070
00:53:32,130 --> 00:53:34,110
and the public if the government planned

1071
00:53:34,110 --> 00:53:35,670
to do something similar today,

1072
00:53:36,510 --> 00:53:40,230
but the dolman of Guadal Peral
is far from being the only

1073
00:53:40,230 --> 00:53:41,850
ancient monument in Spain,

1074
00:53:41,850 --> 00:53:45,030
which has become submerged
over the last few decades.

1075
00:53:45,030 --> 00:53:49,260
Spanish archeologist Priva
Bueno Ramirez commented

1076
00:53:49,260 --> 00:53:52,560
that you couldn't believe how
many authentic archeological

1077
00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:56,190
and historic gems are submerged
under Spain's manmade lakes.

1078
00:53:57,060 --> 00:53:59,220
Enrique Carillo Za,

1079
00:53:59,220 --> 00:54:02,165
a researcher from the Spanish
National Research Council

1080
00:54:02,165 --> 00:54:06,120
added We know Dolman submerged
in reservoirs in other points

1081
00:54:06,120 --> 00:54:08,820
of the Tegu such as Gu Ansil,

1082
00:54:08,820 --> 00:54:13,590
a few kilometers downstream
from the Guadal Peral in 2019.

1083
00:54:13,590 --> 00:54:15,095
It was revealed in the media

1084
00:54:15,095 --> 00:54:18,510
that Spain's extremely dry
summer had caused the waters

1085
00:54:18,510 --> 00:54:22,530
of Val Decans reservoir to
recede, uncovering the dolman,

1086
00:54:22,530 --> 00:54:25,770
which had largely been forgotten
about by local inhabitants.

1087
00:54:26,700 --> 00:54:29,315
Angel Castano, resident
of a nearby village

1088
00:54:29,315 --> 00:54:30,870
and president of a local history

1089
00:54:30,870 --> 00:54:33,870
and cultural society
said of the discovery.

1090
00:54:33,870 --> 00:54:37,440
All my life people have
told me about the Dolman.

1091
00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:40,290
I'd seen parts of it peeking
out from the water before,

1092
00:54:40,290 --> 00:54:43,080
but this is the first
time I've seen it in full.

1093
00:54:43,080 --> 00:54:45,395
It's spectacular because
you can appreciate the

1094
00:54:45,395 --> 00:54:46,650
entire complex.

1095
00:54:46,650 --> 00:54:48,780
For the first time in decades,

1096
00:54:48,780 --> 00:54:51,540
we grew up hearing about the
legend of the treasure hidden

1097
00:54:51,540 --> 00:54:55,410
beneath the lake, and now we
can finally get to view them.

1098
00:54:55,410 --> 00:54:57,390
There certainly may have
been treasures buried

1099
00:54:57,390 --> 00:54:59,520
beneath the stones once upon a time,

1100
00:54:59,520 --> 00:55:03,540
but for us now, the treasure
are the stones themselves.

1101
00:55:03,540 --> 00:55:06,065
Unfortunately, the
submergence in water for

1102
00:55:06,065 --> 00:55:08,730
so long has damaged parts of the monument.

1103
00:55:08,730 --> 00:55:10,080
The engravings on one

1104
00:55:10,080 --> 00:55:13,770
of the poorest granite stones
have eroded other show signs

1105
00:55:13,770 --> 00:55:16,170
of erosion to and have fallen over

1106
00:55:16,170 --> 00:55:19,050
or already beginning to split.

1107
00:55:19,050 --> 00:55:22,980
The dalman had first been
excavated between 1925

1108
00:55:22,980 --> 00:55:27,780
and 1927 by German
archeologist Hugo Obermeyer,

1109
00:55:27,780 --> 00:55:30,150
but it wasn't until four decades later

1110
00:55:30,150 --> 00:55:32,700
that Obermeyer report on his excavations

1111
00:55:32,700 --> 00:55:35,550
of the ancient structure
was finally published.

1112
00:55:35,550 --> 00:55:38,370
The excavations also
uncovered artifacts thought

1113
00:55:38,370 --> 00:55:40,710
to have been used by the
builders of the monument,

1114
00:55:40,710 --> 00:55:42,815
which suggested that they had lived nearby

1115
00:55:42,815 --> 00:55:44,160
during its construction.

1116
00:55:44,160 --> 00:55:46,380
The site would've been
created over thousands

1117
00:55:46,380 --> 00:55:50,400
of years using granite
transported from kilometers away

1118
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:51,630
like stone hege.

1119
00:55:51,630 --> 00:55:54,990
The mega list formed a sun
temple and burial ground.

1120
00:55:54,990 --> 00:55:56,610
They seemed to have religious

1121
00:55:56,610 --> 00:55:59,700
but also economic purpose
being at one of the few points

1122
00:55:59,700 --> 00:56:02,160
of the river where it
was possible to cross,

1123
00:56:02,160 --> 00:56:04,140
so it was a sort of trading hub.

1124
00:56:05,010 --> 00:56:07,290
The dalman of the Gu peral consists

1125
00:56:07,290 --> 00:56:10,145
of about 140 granite boulders, the highest

1126
00:56:10,145 --> 00:56:13,140
of which reached 6.6 feet in height,

1127
00:56:13,140 --> 00:56:17,220
arranged in an 80 foot five
diameter concentric circle.

1128
00:56:17,220 --> 00:56:19,560
Archeologists believe like castano

1129
00:56:19,560 --> 00:56:22,590
that the monument was
probably used as both a temple

1130
00:56:22,590 --> 00:56:27,590
and a between 4,020 500 BC

1131
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:30,970
at an early stage in its
development, the monument consisted

1132
00:56:30,970 --> 00:56:34,395
of toll upright stones known
as meas, which were topped

1133
00:56:34,395 --> 00:56:36,310
by horizontal slabs of stone.

1134
00:56:36,310 --> 00:56:40,210
To form an enclosed single
chamber tomb known as a dolman,

1135
00:56:40,210 --> 00:56:43,810
an engraved mere stood at
the structure's entrance,

1136
00:56:43,810 --> 00:56:46,960
an ancient map, the engraved
stone at the entrance

1137
00:56:46,960 --> 00:56:49,750
of the dalman of Gudo
Paral has become the source

1138
00:56:49,750 --> 00:56:52,480
of much controversy in recent months.

1139
00:56:52,480 --> 00:56:55,780
The stone bears an engraving
of a human figure on one side

1140
00:56:55,780 --> 00:56:58,900
and on the other, a wavy
symbol which could represent a

1141
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:01,935
snake or perhaps the nearby Tuss River.

1142
00:57:01,935 --> 00:57:05,080
Angar. Castano believes the
winding line on the stone

1143
00:57:05,080 --> 00:57:07,900
represents what would've
been the world's first map.

1144
00:57:07,900 --> 00:57:10,630
He believes that the curves
may correspond to the meanders

1145
00:57:10,630 --> 00:57:11,980
of the Tuss river

1146
00:57:11,980 --> 00:57:15,130
and may have been used as
a guide to navigate it.

1147
00:57:15,130 --> 00:57:18,640
The Tuss River is the longest
river on the Iberian peninsula

1148
00:57:18,640 --> 00:57:23,640
flowing 626 miles generally
in a western direction

1149
00:57:23,650 --> 00:57:26,770
up until the Roman period,
it's believed that the area

1150
00:57:26,770 --> 00:57:30,430
where the dolman of Gu Paal is
located was the only natural

1151
00:57:30,430 --> 00:57:31,630
Ford on the river.

1152
00:57:31,630 --> 00:57:33,580
Hence, its vital importance.

1153
00:57:33,580 --> 00:57:37,030
Indeed, the presence of numerous
ancient remains in the area

1154
00:57:37,030 --> 00:57:39,340
testifies to this importance.

1155
00:57:39,340 --> 00:57:43,450
The ancient Roman city of
August Riga stood here,

1156
00:57:43,450 --> 00:57:46,660
but like the dalman of
Guana Peral was submerged

1157
00:57:46,660 --> 00:57:50,590
by water in the early 1960s
when the Val de Kashia

1158
00:57:50,590 --> 00:57:51,730
reservoir was built.

1159
00:57:52,870 --> 00:57:56,560
Other extra Mada Ds the region

1160
00:57:56,560 --> 00:58:00,370
of extra madora possesses many
other prehistoric monuments

1161
00:58:00,370 --> 00:58:03,490
including Dolmans, extremely
similar in design to

1162
00:58:03,490 --> 00:58:05,350
that at Gudo Paral.

1163
00:58:05,350 --> 00:58:08,410
Indeed, there are 41
examples in a small area

1164
00:58:08,410 --> 00:58:11,320
around the towns of Valencia Di Kant

1165
00:58:11,320 --> 00:58:15,910
and San Vicente Kant in
Western, extra madora close

1166
00:58:15,910 --> 00:58:17,710
to the Portuguese border.

1167
00:58:17,710 --> 00:58:19,870
Indeed, it contains the largest collection

1168
00:58:19,870 --> 00:58:22,510
of DO mens in the Iberian peninsula.

1169
00:58:22,510 --> 00:58:26,205
33 of these monuments are
constructed in granite while eight

1170
00:58:26,205 --> 00:58:28,240
were made using slate.

1171
00:58:28,240 --> 00:58:31,360
The dome de Zo is located in the village

1172
00:58:31,360 --> 00:58:36,340
of Senya Dal Brega in the
province of CRE in Spain.

1173
00:58:36,340 --> 00:58:38,680
It's one of the only do mens in extra Mada

1174
00:58:38,680 --> 00:58:40,185
where the chamber is still covered

1175
00:58:40,185 --> 00:58:42,910
by its original overhanging capstone.

1176
00:58:42,910 --> 00:58:45,550
The granite slab doman has an oval chamber

1177
00:58:45,550 --> 00:58:48,310
and consists of eight
supporting stones, some

1178
00:58:48,310 --> 00:58:51,880
of which are unfortunately
broken, but prehistoric do.

1179
00:58:51,880 --> 00:58:54,610
Mens are not confined to
the Iberian Peninsula.

1180
00:58:54,610 --> 00:58:57,700
They're found in a variety of
places throughout the world.

1181
00:58:57,700 --> 00:59:01,000
The highest concentration of
DO mens is in northwest Europe,

1182
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:04,990
especially in Britain, France,
Southwestern Scandinavia,

1183
00:59:04,990 --> 00:59:08,290
Britain, Ireland, Belgium,
and the Netherlands.

1184
00:59:08,290 --> 00:59:11,740
They're also known from
parts of Africa and Asia.

1185
00:59:11,740 --> 00:59:14,530
The DO mens of Northwest
Europe were built in the early

1186
00:59:14,530 --> 00:59:18,940
Neolithic period, which began
in Britain about 5,000 BC

1187
00:59:18,940 --> 00:59:20,295
and in Britain, Ireland

1188
00:59:20,295 --> 00:59:23,840
and southern Scandinavia about 4,000 bc.

1189
00:59:23,840 --> 00:59:26,420
The Breon word Doman was originally used

1190
00:59:26,420 --> 00:59:27,530
to describe a variety

1191
00:59:27,530 --> 00:59:30,145
of megalithic monuments
all over the world, but

1192
00:59:30,145 --> 00:59:33,020
although there is considerable
diversity in the monument

1193
00:59:33,020 --> 00:59:36,055
types, they're nevertheless
share many common

1194
00:59:36,055 --> 00:59:37,550
characteristics.

1195
00:59:37,550 --> 00:59:39,980
Old dolmans consist of a large capstone

1196
00:59:39,980 --> 00:59:42,050
or capstones supported by a number

1197
00:59:42,050 --> 00:59:44,330
of smaller upright stones.

1198
00:59:44,330 --> 00:59:48,740
This arrangement of stones
creates an enclosed chamber area.

1199
00:59:48,740 --> 00:59:50,840
Excavations have shown that the majority

1200
00:59:50,840 --> 00:59:53,540
of do mens were used for
the burial of the dead.

1201
00:59:53,540 --> 00:59:55,525
In some of these monuments, the remains

1202
00:59:55,525 --> 00:59:58,370
of numerous people were
discovered mixed together in a

1203
00:59:58,370 --> 01:00:00,020
communal deposit.

1204
01:00:00,020 --> 01:00:02,030
Archeologists believe these collections

1205
01:00:02,030 --> 01:00:05,210
of bones may represent ancestral remains

1206
01:00:05,210 --> 01:00:07,850
and that do mens, were
not only burial sites,

1207
01:00:07,850 --> 01:00:09,560
but also primitive temples

1208
01:00:09,560 --> 01:00:11,990
where the ancestors may
have been venerated.

1209
01:00:13,100 --> 01:00:14,660
One of the most puzzling aspects

1210
01:00:14,660 --> 01:00:17,630
of the do mens is the
massive size of the stones,

1211
01:00:17,630 --> 01:00:19,370
particularly the capstone

1212
01:00:19,370 --> 01:00:22,040
or capstones used to construct them.

1213
01:00:22,040 --> 01:00:24,350
For some reason, the
builders chose the largest

1214
01:00:24,350 --> 01:00:27,055
and heaviest stones they
could find the majority

1215
01:00:27,055 --> 01:00:28,790
of which they dressed and shaped

1216
01:00:28,790 --> 01:00:30,650
before putting them in place.

1217
01:00:30,650 --> 01:00:33,890
How and why they did this is
still a perplexing mystery

1218
01:00:33,890 --> 01:00:35,090
to archeologists.

1219
01:00:36,200 --> 01:00:38,180
Unfortunately, the future of the doorman

1220
01:00:38,180 --> 01:00:40,490
of Guda Paral is still uncertain.

1221
01:00:40,490 --> 01:00:44,150
Castano has organized a group
of concerned local residents

1222
01:00:44,150 --> 01:00:46,880
who are campaigning to have
the stone monument moved

1223
01:00:46,880 --> 01:00:50,450
to a site on dry land before
the waters rise again,

1224
01:00:50,450 --> 01:00:53,060
and they are lost for who knows how long,

1225
01:00:53,060 --> 01:00:55,610
and perhaps damage beyond repair.

1226
01:00:55,610 --> 01:00:59,120
Castano explained if we miss
the chance, it could be years

1227
01:00:59,120 --> 01:01:01,250
before they are revealed again,

1228
01:01:01,250 --> 01:01:03,260
and the stones, which are granite and

1229
01:01:03,260 --> 01:01:05,690
therefore porous, are
already showing signs

1230
01:01:05,690 --> 01:01:07,340
of erosion and cracking.

1231
01:01:07,340 --> 01:01:10,370
So if we don't act now,
it will be too late.

1232
01:01:10,370 --> 01:01:12,440
It isn't a difficult thing to move them.

1233
01:01:12,440 --> 01:01:14,720
We have machinery now to do that.

1234
01:01:14,720 --> 01:01:17,090
Let's just hope that there
is the political will

1235
01:01:17,090 --> 01:01:18,530
to save them while we can.

1236
01:01:19,520 --> 01:01:22,280
Castano and his group
created an online petition

1237
01:01:22,280 --> 01:01:26,870
to save the monument, which
obtained over 44,000 signatures.

1238
01:01:26,870 --> 01:01:29,840
However, the Spanish
ministries of culture and sport

1239
01:01:29,840 --> 01:01:31,730
and ecological transition along

1240
01:01:31,730 --> 01:01:35,185
with a team from the university
of extra madura decided

1241
01:01:35,185 --> 01:01:36,380
that the transportation

1242
01:01:36,380 --> 01:01:38,660
of the megaliths would damage the doman.

1243
01:01:38,660 --> 01:01:42,560
So the doman of Guap Al
remains where it is waiting

1244
01:01:42,560 --> 01:01:45,620
to be submerged once
again beneath the waters

1245
01:01:45,620 --> 01:01:47,540
of the Val de Kenyas reservoir.